Where is soybean produced

Which insects are the major pests and potential pest impact on soybean varies significantly from year to year and depends on the region the soybean crop is grown. Some prominent insect pests include soybean aphids Aphis glycines , Japanese beetle Popillia japonica Newman , Mexican bean beetle Epilachna varivestis Mulsant , two-spotted spider mites Tetranychus urticae , brown marmorated and red banded stinkbug Halyomorpha halys and Piezodorous guildinii , bean leaf beetle Cerotoma trifurcata , and kudzu bug Megacopta cribraria Fabricius [ 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 ].

Insecticides constitute a large portion of insect management as they are used to control most insect pests and in some cases are the primary method of control [ 80 ]. Additionally, it has been found to be effective at reducing damage done by pests equivalent to conventional methods [ 84 ].

IPM works similarly for all pests. It involves monitoring fields to determine which pests are present, determining which pesticides can and should be used, and incorporating cultural management practices [ 83 ]. For insects, trap cropping and sweep nets are used to monitor and determine which insect pests are present [ 85 , 86 ]. The cultural practices used in insect management include altering planting date and row spacing, using no-till fields, and using resistant soybean cultivars [ 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 ].

Weeds are considered one of the most damaging, if not the most damaging pests, in soybean [ 87 ]. In the United States alone, it has caused losses of several million US dollars each year [ 87 ]. Weeds pose a problem for soybean crops since they compete for nutrients, space, and other resources [ 89 ].

There are many different weed pests that compete with soybean, some of which include common waterhemp Amaranthus rudis , Canadian horseweed Conyza canadensis , giant ragweed Ambrosia trifida , ivy-leaf morning glory Ipomea hederacea , common cocklebur Xanthium strumarium , Johnsongrass Sorghum halepense , and pigweed Amaranthus spp. It is important to note that which weeds are found in a particular field depends largely on where the soybean crops are grown.

Management of weeds is largely done through integrated pest management. This involves using herbicides along with herbicide resistant soybean varieties and cultural practices [ 87 , 92 ].

There are many different classes of herbicides that include enzyme inhibitors, lipid synthesis inhibitors, photosystems diverters, nucleic acid inhibitors, and auxin inhibitors [ 93 ].

Historically, herbicides have been a large part of weed management and will most likely remain significant due to effectiveness and limited efficiency through other individual methods [ 87 ]. Furthermore, herbicide effectiveness can be improved by using herbicide resistant soybean, such as glyphosate resistant Roundup Ready soybean.

Although since weeds can develop resistance to herbicides, it is important to incorporate other management practices [ 87 ].

One such method is herbicide spray timing. A common management practice involves pre- and postemergence herbicide applications. This involves spraying herbicides before and a few days after the soybean plants have emerged to reduce any damage to the soybean plants [ 94 ].

Additionally, cultural control practices are used including crop rotations, planting in narrow rows and proper fertilization to promote crop competition, and cultivation [ 92 ]. Crop rotations allow for different herbicides to be used which in turn helps to prevent the development of herbicide resistant weeds [ 92 ].

Promoting crop competition through planting density allows soybean plants to grow enough to create a canopy to maximize shading of weeds [ 92 ]. Cultivation is an effective and economical way to control weeds to help minimize herbicide use [ 92 ].

All of the aforementioned management practices are parts of integrated weed management and will continue to play a significant role in control of weeds. Similar to the insect pests, there is a wide variety of diseases in soybean. Most diseases are caused by fungal and bacterial diseases and can be vectored by nematodes.

Which disease is the most devastating depends on the region and the year, but the most prevalent diseases include Heterodera glycines , Phytophthora sojae , Colletotrichum truncatum , Septoria glycines , and Phakopsora pachyrhizi [ 76 ].

Table 2 provides an overview of some of the main soybean diseases. Overview of 7 prevalent diseases in soybean [ 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , , , ]. From Table 2 , it is evident that chemical pesticides still play a large role in treatment strategies against all major diseases in soybean.

However, there has been a rising interest to incorporate other methods that prevent and treat diseases in soybean due to the harmful environmental and health effects of pesticides. Some other methods to control soybean diseases are seen in cultural control practices, such as increasing or decreasing tillage and crop rotation, drainage, and using resistant cultivars [ ]. While the treatments listed in the above table are usually effective, there is continual research to find innovative ways to improve the control of plant diseases.

One such example is the development of using hyperspectral bands for early detection of charcoal rot in soybean [ ]. These researchers developed a method that involves analyzing spectral and spatial information of infected and healthy soybean in order to find wavebands that signify a soybean plant that is infected with charcoal rot [ ].

This process identified six wavebands that were specific to plants infected with charcoal rot and can potentially allow for the detection of charcoal rot in crops in three days [ ]. By being able to identify disease earlier, growers can minimize the damage done by that disease by removing infected plants and incorporating treatment strategies, such as pesticides or cultural controls. The research above shows that there is interest in developing early detection for soybean pathogens.

One of the other major areas of research for soybean diseases, is identifying resistance genes to promote resistant cultivars. Given that soybean cyst nematode is one of the most devastating soybean diseases there has been a lot of research done to identify genes involved with resistance to soybean cyst nematode.

The main resistance gene in soybean to cyst nematode is the Rhg1 gene, which encodes an amino acid transporter [ , ]. This gene confers partial resistance and has been shown to reduce reproduction of soybean cyst nematode and improve yield in fields that are infected with soybean cyst nematode [ 78 ]. Even though there are resistant cultivars available, they do not permanently stop diseases. For soybean cyst nematode, it is advised to utilize cultural practices, such as using multiple resistant cultivars and rotating with non-host crops that are resistant to cyst nematode, and other methods [ ].

This is a classic example of how integrated pest management involves continuously incorporating new methods to control diseases to prevent the disease from overcoming any pesticides and resistant cultivars. A high protein content, balanced essential amino acid profile, and the presence of other beneficial nutrients all contribute to its economic and nutritional value.

This overwhelming usage rate as a livestock protein source is mainly due to the presence of essential amino acids. While some livestock require other amino acids, most livestock need nine essential amino acids: histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine [ ].

All nine of these amino acids are found in some quantity in soybean meal [ ]. For this reason, soybean meal can maximize livestock production in cattle, swine, poultry, and aquaculture. Generally, soybean meal and other soy byproducts use are limited to a supplementary or finishing role for cattle due to feed ration complications from other seed components [ , , ].

Soybean meal use is highly prevalent in monogastric livestock production such as swine and poultry and is increasing in popularity for aquaculture [ , ].

However, soybean as feed has two main obstacles: methionine deficiency and trypsin inhibitor proteins. Albeit present in soybean, methionine content is deficient for livestock needs, is considered the first limiting amino acid for soybean meal and requires producers to supplement with synthetic methionine [ , , , , ]. Thirty-one U. The top producers are the states of Iowa, Illinois, Indiana and Minnesota.

These midwestern states have deep, rich soils and relatively cool summer nights. North Carolina in comparison produces about one-tenth of the volume of soybeans produced in Iowa. But North Carolina produces many other crops besides soybean. A typical North Carolina soybean farmer might also grow corn, wheat, cotton, tobacco, sweet potatoes or peanuts. North Carolina has one of the largest pork and poultry industries in the world.

As a net importer of soybeans and soybean meal, North Carolina ranks has high as many entire countries! Skip to content. Facebook page opens in new window Twitter page opens in new window Instagram page opens in new window YouTube page opens in new window. History of Soybeans. Energy expenditure in broiler chicks under health challenges. Determining amino acid digestibility of soybean meal from different Midwest soybean varieties and growth performance when fed to broilers.

Toward standardized amino acid matrices for exogenous phytase and protease in corn—soybean meal—based diets for broilers. Energy Values for Soybean Meal. Feeding Value of Organic Soybean Meal. Soybean Meal Utilization. Paraguay , accounts for 3 percent of worldwide soybean production according to a Commodity Basis report.

In recent seasons, soybean production has increased as more land is allocated for its cultivation in Paraguay. According to the USDA, in the past two decades land dedicated to soybean cultivation has increased steadily at an average rate of 6 percent annually.

Currently there are over 3. The USDA projects that, over the next 5 to 10 years, land for soybean production there will further grow to 4 million hectares. From the season to the season, there has been a compound annual growth rate of 9. Annual production for the 3 seasons up to had ranged from 9. To keep up with increased demand, the country has embarked on efforts to raise soybean yields by introducing new technologies for cultivation. China accounts for 4 percent of soybean production in the world, according to Commodity Basis.

Still, China has to import large amounts of soybeans to meet the domestic demand. China accounts for 60 percent of worldwide soybean imports, according to Commodity Basis, making it the largest importer of soybeans, followed by the collective members of the European Union.

For the last six planting seasons up to , annual production has ranged between Argentina has farmlands of over Buenos Aires, Cordoba, and Santa Fe are the states where soybeans are grown in largest quantity according to Commodity Basis.